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Mosquitoes: understanding the vectors of JE

Mosquitoes play a central role in the transmission of JE. Over 3200 mosquito species have been identified, but only a subset are known to transmit diseases, with different mosquito genera carrying different pathogens.1 The primary vectors for JE virus (JEV) are mosquitoes of the Culex species, specifically Culex tritaeniorhynchus.2
Different mosquito species exhibit distinct feeding patterns and habitat preferences. Some are active during the day (e.g. Aedes), while others primarily bite in the evening or at night (e.g. Culex). Additionally, some mosquitoes prefer indoor environments, while others are mainly found outdoors.3,4 In subtropical regions, mosquito activity can persist year-round, highlighting the importance of consistent mosquito bite prevention measures.4
Long-legged water birds, such as herons, storks, and ibises are primary reservoirs and natural hosts for JEV. Pigs act as secondary hosts where the virus becomes amplified at an optimum level. Humans act as ‘dead-end’ hosts, which is to say, JEV cannot be transmitted from humans to another animal.5
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Currently, no antiviral treatment is available and personal protective measures may not be entirely effective. Therefore, personal protective measures and vaccination could help protect your patients.6,7

References

  1. Syahrani, L, et al, PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022;16(3): e0010316.
  2. Mansfield, KL, et al. Veterinary Microbiology 2017;201:85–92.
  3. Fit For Travel. Mosquito bite avoidance. Available at: www.fitfortravel.nhs.uk. Accessed December 2024.
  4. NaTHNaC. Diseases spread by insects and ticks in Europe. June 2024. Available at: travelhealthpro.org.uk. Accessed December 2024.
  5. Srivastava, KS, et al. Vaccines 2023;11(4):742.
  6. Rogers B, et al. Workplace Health Saf. 2016;64:462-468.
  7. World Health Organization. Japanese encephalitis. August 2024. Available at: www.who.int. Accessed December 2024.

View Prescribing Information for
IXIARO® Japanese encephalitis vaccine (inactivated, absorbed)

Adverse events should be reported.
Reporting forms and information can be found at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store. Adverse events should also be reported to the Valneva UK Ltd Medical Information department on Tel: 01506 446608 or via email: safety@valneva.com

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